In this paper, I address the issue of the possible applicability of the ideas of Karl R. Popper’s social and political philosophy in the contemporary political life of postcolonial countries. Through reference to the reception of Popper’s philosophy in Central and Eastern Europe, I argue that Popper’s writings were effective in catalysing the political wholesale transformation by undermining Marxists’ pretensions to scientific status rather than through his anti-utopian and anti-revolutionary political recommendations. In the context of attempts to apply Popper’s ideas in postcolonial countries, especially Sub-Saharan Africa, I claim that the influence of Popper’s social thought on the politics of those countries may not be as effective as expected or desired.

In 1985 Gayatri Spivak, criticizing western academic communities, proposed this question that “Can the subaltern speak? “ The   answer to this question necessitates the consideration of humanities and any kinds of discourse which bring about subalterns. Postcolonial discourse as a critical, liberal, and anticolonial criticizes this discourse. Postcolonial thinker seeks a period during which an eastern person was defined against a western person. Identification modern subject is the topic that the postcolonial thinker like Michael Foucault questions about while dealing with archaeology. The appearance of a person as an eastern date back to the time when the existence of the outside world resulted from the subject. An eastern can speak when s/he criticizes the subject based on which the humanities are constructed. Obtaining a definition of human being and the way s/she faces the world in order to understand it, is the primary step of introducing an alternative for authoritative humanities. Postcolonial thinker‘s method in understanding other and the outside world based on intersubjectivity. By establishing human studies instead of western humanities and local humanities and by critical view on spivak’s intellectual paradigm, this method of understanding provides spivak’s question with a positive answer contrary to his own negative answer.

This paper offers a theoretical exploration of decolonisation as a complex process that extends beyond the termination of colonial control. It necessitates a critical evaluation and dismantling of the deeply entrenched impacts and beliefs of colonialism that have permeated diverse sectors of society. This analysis emphasizes the central role of decolonisation in promoting social justice by tackling the systemic inequities and injustices rooted in colonialism. The paper explores the historical background of decolonisation, its broader conceptual foundations, and the critical importance of epistemic justice in addressing the marginalization of non-Western knowledge systems within academia. Adopting a postcolonial perspective, the analysis explores the enduring effects of colonialism on culture, society, and knowledge. It advocates for an academic discourse on successful decolonisation strategies that encompass both structural and epistemic transformations. The discussion also examines the significance of the National Education Philosophy in relation to epistemic fairness within the Malaysian education system. The paper emphasizes the imperative of continuously prioritizing decolonization as a crucial endeavor in establishing a just and inclusive global society. This involves the transformation of academic settings and societal structures to foster fairness, diversity, and inclusivity.

Introduction: The novel Pruning written by Nasim Marashi is the story of the war-torn women of southern Iran who-unwillingly and despite the cultural context of the society-try to escape from the male colonialism of the war and gain their independence and natural revival. The main subject of this article is the feminist-postcolonial reading, analytically and descriptively of the novel Pruning to show the main statements of this point of view in the said novel. Methodology: Feminism based on post-colonial ideas considers woman as a cultural construct. Post-colonial feminists consider this to be a product of women's unconsciousness and their moving away from their natural position, under the hegemony of male authoritarian discourse, and they have always sought to find a suitable place for women and invite them to self-confidence and revive their identity and personality beliefs. What masculinity and femininity are depicted in "Haras" novel shows the subjectivity and power of men and the loss and decay of female gender identity as "other" in male authority. In this article, these two characteristics of the gender ideology represented in Hares' story have been analyzed and explained by separating the components of post-colonial feminism. Results and Discussion: The novel "Pruning" succeeds in representing the gender ideology in a certain geography of the world with its own culture and customs and gender stereotypes. The theme of war and its violent consequences also plays a leading role in highlighting the views and cultural signs that shape the identity-gender structure of women and men. Brind has clearly reflected the two colonial issues, patriarchal culture and war-which in the world of nature, is considered a masculine thing by nature-the division of the male and female world and male subjectivity and female otherness in the novel. The gender identity of the women in the story (Nawal, her mother-in-law, the women of Dar al-Talah, etc. ) is formed by internalizing the belief that a woman is an inferior other, and women, like men, define masculinity with traits such as stoutness, strength, and greater physical abilities (especially the power to fight) is preferable to their gender identity, which is a cultural and social construction. Conclusion: In this colonial and gendered view, being a woman is dignified by being accepted and accepted by men,Therefore, women use all their efforts to get closer to that "self" defined for them by the components of patriarchal culture and power (such as giving birth to a boy instead of a girl). In this novel, the statements of post-colonial feminism, such as returning to oneself, believing oneself as an original and natural existence (not a weakly held other), trying to redefine the original gender role and identity, coming out of the shadows and margins, recovering one's agency with a positive effect On the environment, nature and others after the unwanted separation of women from men and the patriarchal society, it makes its way into the lives of women and typically Nawal

Immigration Persian literature is an important part of Iran's contemporary literature that uses the Narrative genre to express issues and concerns of the immigrants in the host country. This research by using a hybrid approach of Narratology and postcolonial studies attempts to analyze the genre of Immigration Persian novel and endeavors to answer the question whether Immigration Persian literature is a kind of postcolonial Narratology. The research concludes that Immigration Persian literature is postcolonial narrative in kind and is written for defending the minority and the marginalized immigrants in the host country and giving them power and ability to speak. It is written by the postcolonial immigrant author using strong words and form of narrative in the so-called third space. The major concern of the immigrant writer in embracing such a genre is bringing the marginalized immigrant to center and presenting their desires, interests, and especially their narrative.

Comparative art studies are a popular research subject among students and researchers of different fields of arts and encompass the majority of articles, books, theses and surveys done in this field. The amount of interest in this research field calls for a closer inspection of the nature of comparative studies and its theoretical framework. After explaining postcolonialism and its properties and conditions in this paper, we will discuss its utility as a theoretical framework for comparative art studies. Edward Said, an American-Palestinian professor and founder of postcolonial studies, expanded the use of “, orientalism”,in western literary works to show their role in strengthening the dominance-based political structure and the culture of colonization in the west. This orientalist point of view can also be seen in western criticism and art theoretical studies, which reinforce the need to utilize postcolonialism in comparative art studies to bypass the limited boundaries of orientalism in cultural studies and art studies to enable a free and equal discussion between different cultures and arts. Compared to other fields of research in art, comparative studies weren’, t ever subject to closer inspection and never underwent a deep structural analysis in order to elaborate the theories forming this field of study. Thus, resources and theoretical frameworks from other disciplines in humanities, if compatible, can be used as resources to formulate new theoretical frameworks and methods for comparative art studies. One of the frameworks which was first used for research in humanities field of study and then expanded into art studies is postcolonialism. In this paper we try to extract any material compatible with different fields of art, from different works of postcolonial researchers and intellectuals, that can be used as a theoretical framework for comparative art studies. Edward Said uses the term “, orientalism”,as a synthesis of two meanings. Firstly, he defines “, orientalism”,as a kind of mentality that is based on a fundamental epistemological and ontological difference between the east and west. But the second meaning, which is in accordance with a special research process, has emerged from the works of orientalists since the late 18th century, based on an authoritative, structured, imperative, and magisterial attitude toward the east. Edward Said adds that generally, orientalism is a Focultian discourse, namely a system of knowledge which provides the viewpoint of westerners toward the east. The orientalism discourse has set some principals and criteria for representing the east. Fundamentally, these principals differ from the principals and methods of representing the west. And it is the duality of the methods and criteria that if not consciously, but permanently has consolidated the “, otherness”,of the east. The postcolonial approach is especially useful for non-western comparative art. This critical approach in comparative art studies aims to prevent incorrect assumptions or any misreading of non-western art, and to carefully examine its utility, value, and cultural or social context, which has been sidelined compared to western art. As a qualitative work, this paper is appliedfundamental research and the methodology used was descriptive and analytic. The information was gathered through library research process and analyzed with inductive method.

Postcolonial studies is a new discipline dealing with non-Western countries and their cultures, which fall within the scope of cultural studies. This critical approach refers to a set of theoretical attitudes which analyze the colonial discourse with emphasis on colonial consequences. These studies lay emphasis on colonialism as an intangible and cultural issue which still exists. The field and subject matter of postcolonial studies, due to emergence of new issues, has a very wide scope. This is because of the wide scope of the subjects falling within scope of postcolonial studies, which include, theory, literary critique, economic and political studies as well as research about colonial governments, identity and cultural studies. This leads to some ambiguities and controversies in the primary encounters of the researchers with this field of studies, causing some writers to consider conceptual unity and integrity for this field. It seems that a more precise study of the branches and approaches of this field is necessary. Hence, attempts have been made in the present paper to restudy the subject matter and approaches of postcolonial studies and analyze the ignored aspects of this discipline through a critical approach.

The major argument of this essay is that Kipling treats the colonial subject as the "other, " and Forster proves to be almost as pro-Empire as writers like Kipling. Nevertheless, A Passage to India is eloquent in rejecting British values and introducing Indian voices. This novel records a shift in attitude in terms of exposing the bitter realities about and attitudes of British imperialists. Despite Forster' s rejection of the inhuman perspectives on the natives and his sympathy towards Indians, he remains mostly unrealistic in his characterization of Indians. The two novelists are similar in their political inclinations. Their difference lies in the strategies they adopt for their literary expression. The British Empire moved further towards its decline when Forster was writing and publishing A Passage to India. Saidian worldly reading of these two literary texts has facilitated the connection between text and politics in this study.

Application of regulators in production of pot plants have been increasing due to lowering growth, improving branching and the number of flowering branches. In order to study the effect of levels and application method of trinexapac-ethyl regulator on height control and morphophysiological characteristics and flowering of Zinnia elegans, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was performed. Zinnias seedlings were planted in polyethylene pots and subjected to trinexapac-ethyl with levels of zero, 2×10-3, 1×10-3, 0.5×10-3 and 4.5×10-4 g when the first bud emerged. Trinexapac-ethyl was applied in both foliar spray and soil application. According to the results, 1×10-3 and 2×10-3g trinexapac-ethyl caused significant reduction in plant height. As trinexapac-ethyl level increased, number of branches and flowers were increased accordingly most of which was under the latter treatment. Branch length and leaf number was not affected. The concentrations 1×10-3 and 2×10-3g increased chlorophyll and shoots sugars, but not on root. Similarly, soil application of Trinexapac-ethyl did not showed positive effects. In light of obtained results, foliar spray application of Trinexapac-ethyl may serve as a suitable way to produce dwarf and pot Zinnia elegans  ‘State fair mix’. Based on the obtained results, application of Trinexapac-ethyl as foliar application can control and reduce the height of the Zinnia elegans ‘State fair mix’.

Characterization in the stories from Classic to postmodern course has been faced with many changes, entering postmodern, the theories of great- philosophers such as Foko has affected deeply the manner of anolysing personals of the stories. Since action and reaction of personals from the Story, forms the story.   So the Kind of Studying a Personal helps us to have a better understanding of the story. Each concept is a function of speech that comes from power and knowledge. Studying the kind of speech and the power coming from knowledge, we can knows these actions and reactions and even we can predict them. Provides fixed power for thinking of personalities and their operant. What foco puts forward as power does not have a negative meaning. this article from Foko’s point of view studied personalities and so studied the kind of power coming from speech and forces, we have studied his way of personalogy. So, the personals of the story have been studied to get more carefully their reactions. In this study, they resulted that personals won’t accept dominant speech or help it in some way or will be changed to a subject unconsciously. Subject is infact placing personalities in speech position